Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of cow milk metabolites

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spec-troscopy is acknowledged as one of the most powerful analytical methods with cross-cutting applications in dairy foods. To date, the use of 1H NMR spectroscopy for the collection of milk metabolic profile is hindered by costly and time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. The present study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) as a rapid method for the prediction of cow milk me-tabolites determined through 1H NMR spectroscopy. Bulk milk (n = 72) and individual milk samples (n = 482) were analyzed through one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy and MIRS. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified 35 milk metabolites, which were quantified in terms of relative abundance, and MIRS prediction models were developed on the same 35 milk metabolites, using partial least squares regression analysis. The best MIRS prediction models were devel-oped for galactose-1-phosphate, glycerophosphocholine, orotate, choline, galactose, lecithin, glutamate, and lactose, with coefficient of determination in external validation from 0.58 to 0.85, and ratio of performance to deviation in external validation from 1.50 to 2.64. The remaining 27 metabolites were poorly predicted. This study represents a first attempt to predict milk metabolome. Further research is needed to specifically address whether developed prediction models may find practical application in the dairy sector, with particular regard to the screening of dairy cows' metabolic status, the quality control of dairy foods, and the identification of processed milk or incorrectly stored milk.