Discovery of a New Class of 1-(4-Sulfamoylbenzoyl)piperidine-4-carboxamides as Human Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

A series of 1-(4-sulfamoylbenzoyl)piperidine-4-carboxamides deriving from substituted piperazines/benzylamines was designed, synthesized, and tested on human carbonic anhydrase (hCA). The inhibitory activity of the new sulfonamides was analyzed using acetazolamide (AAZ) as a standard inhibitor against hCA I, II, IX, and XII. Several sulfonamides showed both inhibitory activity at low nanomolar concentrations and selectivity against the cytosolic hCA II isoform, and the same trend was observed on the tumor-associated hCA IX and XII. The benzenesulfonamido carboxamides 11 and 15 were the most potent of the piperazino- and benzylamino-based series, respectively. Docking and molecular dynamics studies related the high selectivity of compound 11 toward the tumor-associated hCA isoforms to its capability to participate in favorable interactions within hCA IX and hCA XII active sites, whereas no such interactions were detected within both hCA I and hCA II isoforms.