Thermal and morphological characterization of Garfagnina goats in different seasons

This study analyzed the physiological parameters, hair characteristics, and heat exchange mechanisms of native Garfagnina goats in a temperate climate, accounting for seasonal variations and coat color. A total of 50 adult, lactating Garfagnina goats were used for this extensive evaluation. Significant seasonal fluctuations were observed in various metrics: rectal temperature (P = 0.0002), respiratory rate (P = 0.0008), heart rate, hair diameter, and hair length (P < 0.0001). During winter, the variables rectal temperature, heart rate, and hair length were higher than in summer. Additionally, significant differences in hair diameter and length (P < 0.0001) by coat color were identified; specifically, black- and white-coated goats had longer hair than those of other colors. Heat exchanges - comprising radiation, convection, total sensible heat, skin exchanges, total latent heat, and total heat exchanges also varied significantly (P < 0.0001) by season. Although the physiological metrics remained consistent across coat colors, they were affected by seasonal changes, particularly in air temperature. The hair's morphological features adapt to both seasonality and coat color, and these adaptations likely contribute to thermoregulation, helping goats cope with seasonal variations in environmental temperature.