Emergence in cyber-physical systems-of-systems (CPSoSs)

It is the objective of this chapter to investigate the phenomenon of emergence in CPSoS. In the following section we look at some prior work on emergence in the domains of philosophy and computer science. Since emergence is always re-ferring to phenomena that occur at a given level of a hierarchic system model, Section 3.3 elaborates in detail on the concept of a multi-level hierarchy. Section 3.4 presents a definition of emergence in the SoS context and discusses some properties of emergent phenomena. Section 3.5 introduces a number of examples of emergent phenomena in computer systems. Section 3.6 discusses some design guidelines that help to detect the potential of emergent phenomena in a CPSoS and mitigate the effects of detrimental emergence. This Chapter terminates with a con-clusion in Section 3.7.