Nanotechnology and Nanoscience in Conservation

Nanoscience has been providing solutions to preserve cultural heritage. Microemulsions are effective in removing soil and aged coatings from artifacts, with a decreased impact on both the operator and the environment, and a more controlled cleaning action, as compared to traditional solvents. Chemical gels can be used to confine the fluids, allowing their application on water‐sensitive surfaces. The formulation of the gel network can be tuned to achieve optimal viscoelasticity and retentiveness, in order to allow the feasible handling of the gels and their residue‐free removal (e.g., down to FTIR detection limits) from the treated surfaces. Complementary to cleaning tools, nanoparticles' dispersions have been used to consolidate weakened murals and stone. Alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles have been also used to adjust the pH of both cellulose‐ and collagen‐based artifacts. New challenges involve the conservation of modern/contemporary art, where nanoscience can contribute as for the preservation of classic artifacts.