Nanosensors in Biomarker Detection

A biomarker is an indicator or molecular signature that is observed in normal bodily biological processes or disease conditions. Biomarkers exist in various forms, such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, cells, metabolites, hormones, lipids, and enzymes. Developing sensitive methods for the detection of diseases at an earlier stage via these structures is essential in terms of better treatment options. Therefore, researchers have recently become interested in designing nanosensors by integrating nano-scale materials with optical, mechanical, electrical, and magnetic sensors. The use of nanostructures, such as nanotubes, nanofibers, quantum dots, and nanowires, contributes to the development of cheaper, faster, and smaller sensors, which increase sensitivity as well as enhance the detection limit and response time. This chapter examines the contributions of nanotechnology in detecting and determining biomarkers and the significance of this process in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Moreover, the methods of biomarker detection are analyzed via different studies as presented in the literature.