Transformative paths, multi-scalarity of knowledge bases and Industry 4.0

This chapter discusses the role of combinatorial knowledge and its multi- scalarity in shaping the transformation paths of local productive systems (LPSs) that are affected by the gales of contemporary technological change. Specifically, we look at how access to – and the combination of – different knowledge bases at different territorial scales (local/ regional, national, international/ global) can support different paths of industrial upgrading for LPSs in the face of the challenges posed by Industry 4.0 (I4.0).