Application of Virtual Fencing for the management of Limousine cows at pasture during spring-summer season

In virtual fencing (VF) system, physical fences are replaced by virtual ones and, when the animals approach the boundaries, they receive a paired stimulus: an audio cue followed by a low electrical shock if animals cross over the fences. The study aims are: i) to evaluate the animal’s ability to learn, and then respond positively, to an aversive stimulus; ii) to evaluate the VF efficiency to manage the herd within grazing areas virtually delimitated