Ganglioside GD2 Contributes to a Stem-Like Phenotype in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Gangliosides, specifically GD2, contribute to cholan-giocarcinoma progression. Elevated GD2 expression,observed in 3D cultures, correlates with increased ag-gressiveness and drug resistance. Furthermore, GD2 upregulation promotes tumourgrowth in vivo. Overexpression of GD3 synthase(GD3S), the enzyme responsible for GD2 synthesis,mirrors these effects. These findings implicate both GD2 and GD3S as po-tential therapeutic targets in cholangiocarcinoma