Water, salt and oil: an exploration of the foundations of molecular forces

In summary the interpretation of measurements like pH, buffers, zeta and membrane potentials, ion binding via NMR, light and neutron scattering free energies of molecular transfer ... are all based on an invalid classical theory. These textbook theories omit ion specific quantum fluctuation (dispersion) forces and ignore dissolved gas. By so doing they confound the meaning of hydration, their meaning is dubious. And then again simulation compares real water (containing gas) with theoretical water.