Growth and Welfare of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Response to Graded Levels of Insect and Poultry By-Product Meals in Fishmeal-Free Diets

Simple Summary Processed animal proteins, such as poultry by-product meal (PBM) and insect meal from black soldier fly (BSFM), are receiving growing interest as alternative or complementary protein sources for carnivorous farmed fish diets, due to their high nutritional value and low environmental footprint. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of PBM and BSFM as partial substitutes for vegetable protein in fishmeal-free diets on growth, whole-body composition, nutrient-energy mass balance and retention, digestive functions, stress, metabolic status, innate immunity, and liver health in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The overall results showed that fishmeal-free diets, including high levels of both PBM and BSFM, either singly or in combination, improved growth, dietary nutrient and energy utilization, and gut function relative to a plant-protein control diet or a fishmeal-based one, with no detrimental effects on fish welfare. This study compared the nutrient-energy retention, digestive function, growth performance, and welfare of rainbow trout (ibw 54 g) fed isoproteic (42%), isolipidic (24%), fishmeal-free diets (CV) over 13 weeks. The diets consisted of plant-protein replacement with graded levels (10, 30, 60%) of protein from poultry by-product (PBM) and black soldier fly H. illucens pupae (BSFM) meals, either singly or in combination. A fishmeal-based diet was also tested (CF). Nitrogen retention improved with moderate or high levels of dietary PBM and BSFM relative to CV (p < 0.05). Gut brush border enzyme activity was poorly affected by the diets. Gastric chitinase was up-regulated after high BSFM feeding (p < 0.05). The gut peptide and amino acid transport genes were differently regulated by protein source and level. Serum cortisol was unaffected, and the changes in metabolites stayed within the physiological range. High PBM and high BSFM lowered the leukocyte respiratory burst activity and increased the lysozyme activity compared to CV (p < 0.05). The BSFM and PBM both significantly changed the relative percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, moderate to high PBM and BSFM inclusions in fishmeal-free diets, either singly or in combination, improved gut function and nutrient retention, resulting in better growth performance and the good welfare of the rainbow trout.